1 Basic knowledge
Question 1 How many construction techniques are there to paste tiles with tile adhesive?
Answer: The ceramic tile pasting process is generally divided into three types: back coating method, base coating method (also known as trowel method, thin paste method), and combination method.

Question 2 What are the main special tools for tile paste construction?
Answer: The special tools for tile paste mainly include: electric mixer, toothed spatula (trowel), rubber hammer, etc.

Question 3 What are the main steps in the construction process of tile paste?
Answer: The main steps are: base treatment, material preparation, mortar mixing, mortar standing (curing), secondary mixing, mortar application, tile pasting, finished product maintenance and protection.

Question 4 What is the thin paste method? What are its characteristics?
Answer: The thin paste method refers to the method of pasting tiles, stones and other materials with a very thin (about 3mm) adhesive thickness. It generally uses a toothed spatula on a flat base surface to control the thickness of the bonding material layer (generally no more than 3~5mm). The thin paste method has the characteristics of fast construction speed, good paste effect, improved indoor use space, energy saving and environmental protection.

Question 5 What is the white substance on the back of the tile? How does it affect the tiling?
Answer: It is the demoulding powder applied before the bricks enter the kiln during the production of ceramic tiles. Phenomena such as kiln blockage. The release powder is quite stable in the process of sintering ceramic tiles at high temperature. At normal temperature, the release powder is inert, and there is almost no strength between the release powder particles and between the release powder and the tiles. If there is uncleaned release powder on the back of the tile, the effective bond strength of the tile will be reduced accordingly. Before the tiles are pasted, they should be cleaned with water or the release powder should be removed with a brush.

Question 6 How long does it generally take to maintain the tiles after using tile adhesives? How to maintain them?
Answer: Generally, after the tile adhesive is pasted and constructed, it needs to be cured for 3 to 5 days before subsequent caulking construction can be carried out. Under normal temperature and humidity environment, natural conservation is enough.

Question 7 What are the requirements for a qualified base surface for indoor construction?
Answer: For indoor wall tiling projects, the requirements for the base surface: verticality, flatness ≤ 4mm/2m, no interlayer, no sand, no powder, and a firm base.

Question 8 What is ubiquinol?
Answer: It is the alkali produced by the hydration of cement in cement-based materials, or the alkaline substances contained in the decorative materials volatilize with the water, directly enriched on the decorative surface layer, or the product reacted with air on the decorative surface These white, unevenly distributed substances affect the appearance of the decorative surface.

Question 9 What is reflux and hanging tears?
Answer: During the hardening process of cement mortar, there will be many cavities inside, and these cavities are channels for water leakage; when the cement mortar is subjected to deformation and temperature, cracks will occur; due to shrinkage and some construction factors, the cement mortar is easy to A hollow drum forms under the tile. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2, one of the products of the hydration reaction of cement with water, itself dissolves in water, and the extravasated water can also dissolve the calcium oxide CaO in the calcium disilicate gel C-S-H, which is the product of the reaction between cement and water. Precipitation becomes calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2. The Ca(OH)2 aqueous solution migrates to the surface of the tile through the capillary pores of the tile or stone, and absorbs carbon dioxide CO2 in the air to form calcium carbonate CaCO3, etc., which precipitate on the surface of the tile, which is commonly referred to as anti-sizing and hanging tears, also known as whitening.

The phenomenon of anti-sizing, hanging tears or whitening needs to meet several conditions at the same time: sufficient calcium hydroxide is generated, sufficient liquid water can migrate to the surface, and the water enriched with calcium hydroxide on the surface can stay for a long enough time. Therefore, the whitening phenomenon mostly occurs in the thick layer of cement mortar (back sticking) construction method (more cement, water and voids), unglazed bricks, ceramic bricks or stone (with migration channels-capillary pores), early winter or spring time (moisture surface migration and condensation), light to moderate showers (provide sufficient moisture without washing the surface immediately). In addition, acid rain (corrosion of the surface and dissolution of salts), human error (adding water and stirring for the second time during on-site construction), etc. will cause or aggravate the whitening. The whitening of the surface usually only affects the appearance, and some are even temporary (calcium carbonate will react with carbon dioxide and water in the air and become soluble calcium bicarbonate and be gradually washed away). Beware of whitening when choosing porous tiles and stone. Usually use special formula tile adhesive and sealant (hydrophobic type), thin-layer construction, strengthen construction site management (early rain shelter and accurate cleaning of mixing water, etc.), can achieve no visible whitening or only A little whitish.

2 tile paste
Question 1 What are the reasons and prevention measures for the unevenness of the rack-shaped mortar layer?
Answer: 1) The base layer is uneven.
2) The thickness of the scraped tile adhesive is not enough, and the scraped tile adhesive is not full.
3) There is dried tile adhesive in the tooth holes of the trowel; the trowel should be cleaned.
3) The batch scraping speed is too fast; the scraping speed should be slowed down.
4) The tile adhesive is not stirred evenly, and there are powder particles, etc.; the tile adhesive should be fully stirred and matured before use.

Question 2 When the flatness deviation of the base layer is large, how to use the thin paste method to lay the tiles?
Answer: First of all, the base level must be leveled to meet the requirements of flatness ≤ 4mm/2m, and then the thin paste method should be used for tile paste construction.

Question 3 What should be paid attention to when pasting tiles on ventilation risers?
Answer: Check whether the yin and yang angles of the ventilation pipe are 90° right angles before pasting, and ensure that the error between the included angle and the end point of the pipe is ≤4mm; the joints of the 45° yang angle sleeve-cut tiles should be even and cannot be closely pasted, otherwise the adhesion strength of the tiles will be affected (Moisture and heat expansion will cause the edge of the tile to burst and be damaged); reserve a spare inspection port (to avoid pipeline cleaning and dredging, which will affect the appearance).

Question 4 How to install floor tiles with floor drain?
Answer: When laying floor tiles, find a good slope to ensure that water at all positions can flow into the floor drain, with a slope of 1% to 2%. If two floor drains are configured in the same section, the center point between the two floor drains should be the highest point and paved to both sides; if it is matching wall and floor tiles, the floor tiles should be laid against the wall tiles.

Question 5 What should be paid attention to when quick-drying tile adhesive is applied outdoors?
Answer: The overall storage time and airing time of quick-drying tile adhesives are shorter than ordinary tile adhesives, so the amount of mixing at one time should not be too much, and the scraping area at one time should not be too large. It should be in strict accordance with the requirements. The product can be used to complete the construction within the time. It is strictly forbidden to continue to use the tile adhesive that has lost its constructability and is close to condensation after adding water for the second time, otherwise it will greatly affect the early and late bonding strength, and may cause serious whitening. It should be used as soon as it is stirred. If it dries too fast, the amount of stirring can be reduced, the temperature of the mixing water can be appropriately reduced, and the stirring speed can be appropriately reduced.

Question 6 What are the causes and preventive measures of hollowing or decrease in cohesive force after ceramic tiles are bonded?
Answer: First of all, check the quality of the grassroots, the validity period of the product quality, the water distribution ratio and other factors. Then, in view of the hollowing or the decrease of the adhesive force caused by the tile adhesive after the airing time when pasting, it should be noted that the paste should be pasted within the airing time. When pasting, it should be rubbed slightly to make the tile adhesive Dense. In view of the phenomenon of hollowing or decreased adhesion caused by adjustment after the adjustment time, it should be noted that in this case, if re-adjustment is required, the tile adhesive should be removed first, and then the grout should be refilled for pasting. When pasting large decorative tiles, due to the insufficient amount of tile adhesive, it will be pulled out too much during front and rear adjustments, which will cause the glue to delaminate, cause hollowing, or reduce the adhesion. Pay attention when pre-laying , The amount of glue should be as accurate as possible, and the front and rear distances should be adjusted by hammering and pressing. The thickness of the tile adhesive should not be less than 3mm, and the pulling adjustment distance should be about 25% of the thickness of the glue. In view of the hot and dry weather and the large area of ??each batch of scraping, resulting in the loss of water on the surface of part of the glue, the area of ??each batch of glue should be reduced; when the tile adhesive is no longer viscous, it should be scraped off Re-slurry. If the adjustment time is exceeded and the adjustment is forced, it should be taken out and replaced. If the thickness of the tile adhesive is not enough, it needs to be grouted. Note: Do not add water or other substances to the adhesive that has solidified and hardened beyond the operating time, and then use it after stirring.

Question 7 When cleaning the paper on the surface of the tiles, the reason and prevention measures for the tiles to fall off?
Answer: For this phenomenon caused by premature cleaning, the cleaning should be postponed, and the tile adhesive should reach a certain strength before cleaning. If there is an urgent need to rush the construction period, it is recommended to use a quick-drying tile adhesive, and it can be cleaned at least 2 hours after the completion of the paving.

Question 8 What should be paid attention to when pasting large-area tiles?
Answer: When pasting large-area tiles, pay attention to: 1) Paste within the drying time of the tile adhesive. 2) Use enough glue at one time to prevent insufficient amount of glue, resulting in the need to replenish the glue.

Question 9 How to ensure the pasting quality of soft ceramic tiles as a new decorative paving material?
Answer: The selected adhesive needs to be tested with soft ceramic tiles, and a tile adhesive with strong adhesion should be selected for pasting.

Question 10 Do tiles need to be soaked in water before pasting?
Answer: When selecting qualified tile adhesives for pasting, the tiles do not need to be soaked in water, and the tile adhesives themselves have good water retention properties.

Question 11 How to lay bricks when there is a large deviation in the flatness of the base?
Answer: 1) Pre-leveling; 2) Construction by combination method.

Question 12 Under normal circumstances, how long after the waterproofing construction is completed, can tiling and caulking be started?
Answer: It depends on the type of waterproof material. The basic principle is that the waterproof material can only be tiled after it has reached the strength requirements for tiling tiles. Do pointing.

Question 13 Generally, how long after tiling and caulking is completed, can it be put into use?
Answer: After caulking, it can be put into use after natural curing for 5~7 days (it should be extended appropriately in winter and rainy season).

2.1 General interior works

Question 1 When pasting light-colored stones or bricks with dark-colored tile adhesives, what are the reasons and countermeasures for the color of the stones or bricks to change?
Answer: The reason is that the light-colored loose stone has poor impermeability, and the color of the dark-colored tile adhesive is easy to penetrate into the surface. A white or light colored tile adhesive is recommended. In addition, when pasting easy-to-contaminate stones, pay attention to the back cover and front cover and use quick-drying tile adhesives to prevent pollution of the stones.

Question 2 How to avoid tile paste seams are not straight and the surface is not smooth?
Answer: 1) The facing tiles should be carefully selected during construction to avoid staggered joints and joints between adjacent tiles due to inconsistent tile specifications and sizes. In addition, it is necessary to leave enough brick joints and use tile cards.

2) Determine the elevation of the foundation, and each point of the elevation shall be subject to the upper limit of the ruler (check the blisters). After each line is pasted, it shall be checked horizontally and vertically with the ruler in time, and corrected in time; if the seam exceeds the allowable error, it shall be Remove the wall (floor) tiles in time to replace the tile adhesive for rework.

It is best to use the pulling method for construction.

Question 3 Indoor construction, how to calculate the amount of facing tiles, tile adhesives and caulking agents?
Answer: Before pasting tiles indoors, perform pre-arrangement according to the tile specifications, and calculate the amount of facing tiles (wall and floor tiles are calculated separately) according to the pre-arrangement results and the pasting area + (10%~15%) loss.

When tiling tiles by the thin paste method, the thickness of the adhesive layer is generally 3~5mm, and the amount of adhesive (dry material) is 5~8kg/m2 based on the calculation of 1.6kg of material per square meter for a thickness of 1mm.

The reference formula for the amount of caulking agent:

Amount of sealant = [(brick length + brick width) * brick thickness * joint width * 2/(brick length * brick width)], kg/㎡

Question 4 In indoor construction, how to prevent the wall and floor tiles from being hollowed out due to construction?
Answer one: 1) Choose the appropriate tile adhesive;
2) Proper treatment of the back of the tile and the surface of the foundation;
3) The tile adhesive is fully stirred and matured to prevent dry powder;
4) According to the opening time and construction speed of the tile adhesive, adjust the scraping area of ??the tile adhesive;
5) Use the combination method to paste to reduce the phenomenon of insufficient bonding surface;
6) Proper maintenance to reduce early vibration.

Answer 2: 1) Before laying tiles, first ensure that the flatness and verticality of the leveling plaster layer are ≤ 4mm/2m;
2) For tiles of different sizes, select toothed trowels with appropriate specifications;
3) Large-sized tiles need to be coated with tile adhesive on the back of the tiles;
4) After the tiles are laid, use a rubber hammer to hammer them and adjust the flatness.

Question 5 How to correctly handle the detailed nodes such as yin and yang corners, door stones, and floor drains?
Answer: The yin and yang corners should be at right angles of 90 degrees after tiling, and the angle error between the ends should be ≤4mm. The length and width of the doorway stone are consistent with the door cover. When one side is a corridor and the other side is a bedroom, the doorway stone should be flush with the ground at both ends; 5~8mm higher than the bathroom floor to play the role of water retaining. When installing the floor drain, make sure that the floor drain panel is 1mm lower than the surrounding tiles; the tile adhesive cannot pollute the lower valve of the floor drain (it will cause poor water leakage), and it is recommended to use flexible cement tile adhesive for floor drain installation.

Question 6 What should be paid attention to when pasting tiles on light steel keel partition walls?

Answer: Attention should be paid to: 1) The strength of the base layer should be able to meet the requirements of structural stability. The secondary structure and the original structure are connected as a whole with galvanized mesh.
2) According to the water absorption rate, area and weight of the tiles, match and select the tile adhesive;
3) To choose a suitable paving process, you should use the combination method to pave and rub the tiles in place.

Question 7 In a vibrating environment, for example, when tiling tiles in places with potential vibration sources such as elevator rooms, what properties of the pasting materials need to be paid attention to?
Answer: When laying tiles on this type of part, it is necessary to focus on the flexibility of the tile adhesive, that is, the ability of the tile adhesive to deform laterally. The stronger the ability, it means that the tile adhesive layer is not easy to deform when the base is shaken and deformed. Hollowing occurs, falls off and still maintains good bonding performance.

2.2 General outdoor works
Question 1 What should be paid attention to during outdoor tile construction in summer?
Answer: Pay attention to the work of sunshade and rain protection. In the environment of high temperature and strong wind, the airing time will be greatly shortened. The area of ????scraping porcelain adhesive should not be too large, so as to prevent the slurry from drying out due to untimely paste. cause hollowing.

Note: 1) Matching material selection; 2) Avoid exposure to the sun at noon; 3) Shade; 4) Stir a small amount and use as soon as possible.

Question 2 How to ensure the flatness of a large area of ??the base of the brick exterior wall?
Answer: The flatness of the base surface must meet the requirements of construction flatness. If the flatness of a large area is very poor, it needs to be leveled again by pulling the wire. If there is a small area with protrusions, it needs to be leveled in advance. If the small area is concave, it can be leveled with adhesive in advance. .

Question 3 What are the requirements for a qualified base surface for outdoor construction?
Answer: The basic requirements are: 1) The strength of the base surface is required to be firm; 2) The flatness of the base layer is within the standard range.

Question 4 How to ensure the flatness of the large surface after the exterior wall is tiled?
Answer: 1) The base layer first needs to be flat;

2) Wall tiles should meet the requirements of the national standard, with uniform thickness and smooth brick surface, etc.;